Land Desertification in China ( only climatic factor) Essay

Land Desertification in China ( only climatic factor) - Essay Example So China’s arid climate through its consequences of overflows and droughts constitutes a menace to the full-fledged life support of the Chinese and their future generations. In this regard one of the primary concerns is the functioning of the appropriate technologies aiming at recovery of the degraded soils. In the point of the discussed theme there are two key terms, namely: degradation and desertification. Degradation is the steady deterioration of soil characteristics as a habitat of biota, and reduction of its fertility as a result of the influence of natural or anthropogenic factors. Desertification is a process of irreversible changes in soil and vegetation, and reduction of biological productivity, which in extreme cases can lead to the complete destruction of the biospheric potential and turning of the territory into desert. The primary concern of desertification in China is a food crisis, as the issue is the main cause of aggrieving the country’s stores of wheat and rice, which form the basis of China’s agriculture. â€Å"According to a general survey of the country, the total area of †¦ regions vulnerable to desertification has reached †¦ 34.6 percent of the entire territory† (Longjun). In the context of the most grounds intended for sowing of the seeds, the percentage of the lands under desertification is critical. Moreover, it rises with the demographic problem of China or the top-priority challenge for survival of the Chinese. Overpopulation of the country is a well-known issue, and desertification in this respect is extremely hazardous for the great number of people whose needs don’t decrease with the degradation of soils. As for the secondary concern of the issue, it deals with the dwindling water supply as well as groundwater decrement. It goes without question that the consumption of water for China’s agricultural needs, human wants, and for the artificial irrigation of the arid lands substantially wreaks havoc on the

The influence of central banks' interventions on the level and Essay

The influence of central banks' interventions on the level and volatility of foreign exchange rate - Essay Example Furthermore, in a number of nations the central bank is essentially responsible for determination of the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rate volatility took prominent shape since the collapse of the Bretton Wood fixed exchange rate system (Galati and Melick, 2002). Since exchange rate plays an important role in supporting international trade, its volatility is seen as a hindrance. Therefore, central banks often make strong effort for minimising the volatility or it’s after effect on business. However, there are several analyses which suggest that central bank’s intervention tend to increase volatility of foreign exchange market while the bank tends to witness losses while managing the volatility. The paper assesses the impact of the central bank intervention on volatility of exchange rate. Meanwhile, various relevant factors such as types of exchange rate systems, potential scope of resource wastage and intended and unwanted impact of intervention policies have been discussed briefly. The foreign exchange market is the prevalent financial market across the globe. Foreign exchange trading is referred to transacting of one currency in exchange of others. Trading of currencies generally takes place in the form of bank transfers and bank deposit. Except for tourism and physical purchases, physical transfer and exchange of currencies rarely happens. The exchange rate system is an imperative characteristic of foreign exchange market and that of the global economic policy. Based on conventional models, exchange rate system can be classified as fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate. Fixed exchange rate, which is also known as pegged exchange rate, is referred to the arrangement of price determination where rate of one currency (national currency) with respect to other foreign currencies is kept fixed by means of government intervention. Fixed exchange rate has been considered favourable when two or more countries experience similar